Burhan Wani, a commander of Hizbul Mujahideen was killed in an encounter with the Indian security forces on 8 July 2016. Afterwards situation in Kashmir Valley has worsened.The incidents of ceasefire violation by Pakistan across LOC and militants activities has increased. The situation in Kashmir is tense and insurgency continue in valley.
Historical Background
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is created under the treaty of Amritsar,when Maharaja Gulab Singh buys the Kashmir Valley from East India Company and adds it to Jammu And Ladakh already under his rule.
In 1947 Indo-Pakistan war takes place.Thousands of Pashtuns from Pakistan's north west frontier province attack Kashmir and Maharajahs forces. The Maharaja ask India for help who, abides under the conditions that he relinquish control over defense, communications and foreign affairs to India. The Maharaja agrees and signs the Instrument Of Accession. Instrument of accession executed by Maharaja Harisingh on October 26, 1947.
On 1,January 1949, the ceasefire between India and Pakistani forces leaves India in control of most of the Valley as well as Jammu and Ladakh, while Pakistan gain control of part of Kashmir including, what Pakistan calls, Azad Kashmir and Northern territories.
In 1965(Indo-Pak War) Pakistan backs rebel groups in Kashmir and send armed Pakistani infiltrators to join them across the ceasefire line, which leads to more violence across the whole of the Kashmir Valley.
In 1971 Indo Pakistan war take place. In 1972 India and Pakistan agree to ceasefire and sign the Simala Agreement, which states that they will respect Line Of Control, the border between two countries and China. However fighting continues along this line , making it one of the most violent and dangerous border lines in the world.
At the end of Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan (1989) a great deal of weapons are released into Kashmir and Pakistan provides further training to Kashmiri and foreign militants groups in Kashmir.The Kashmir movement becomes more Islamist in its ideology. Many of the 162500 Hindu community in Kashmir flee the area to refugee camps in Jammu.
In 1988 India and Pakistan perform nuclear test in a show of strength. In May and July 1999 Kargil War took place. On 14-16 July 2001, General Pervez Musharraf and Atalbihari Vajpayee meet for peace talk. In October 2001 Kashmiri Assembly in Shrinagar attacked in which 38 peoples died. On December 2001 there is an attack on Indian Parliament in New Delhi.On 2 May 2003 India and Pakistan restore diplomatic ties. In July 2006 second round of Indo-Pakistani peace talk take place.But Pakistan continue to sponsor cross border terrorism.
Present Situation In Jammu & Kashmir
Year 2016 turned out to be one of the bloodiest years for security forces in Jammu and Kashmir history though they managed to eliminate some top militants commanders including Hizbul Mujahideen Burhan Wani. He was the poster boy of militancy in the valley and attracted many youths to Hizbul Mujahideens and his killing was seen as a big achievement for the forces. But his killing sparked violent protests in the valley which is continued.
In 2008, 90 security force personnel were killed in the state and while the numbers showed a decline trend till the year 2012 when they suffered 17 fatalities, casualties increased in 2013 to 61.
In year 2014, the casualties decreased to 51 which went further down the next year to 41. However in 2016, 87 security force personnel were killed in military related incidents. A total of 165 militants were also killed in 2016, which is the highest in the last six years.
In 2015, 113 militants were killed in security force action.
The terrorist activities has been continued in year 2017
From January to 11,June 2017 fatalities in terrorist violence is as follow :
Civilians Security force personnel Terrorist
January 3 0 13
February 3 9 11
March 4 1 11
April 5 5 8
May 10 10 17
June 0 3 19
Total 25 26 79
From year 1988 to 2017 In Kashmir 14763 civilians, 6302 security force personnel and 23212 militant are killed.
On 13 June 2017 South Kashmir believed to be the hotbed of militancy witnessed another violent day. A series of suspected militant attacks were reported from at least four places in Pulwama and Anantnag within a short span. At least 13 CRPF and Police personnel were wounded in the attacks and militants fled with four rifles from one of the sites. The biggest attack took place at Lavyar Tral in Pulwama district around 6 pm when militants lobbed a grenade on the camp of F180 Batalion of the CRPF. Nine persons of CRPF injured, the condition of three was reported to be serious. Hours latter CRPF camp of 130 Batalion of Padgampara area of Pulwama district have another grenade attack. Millitants also lobbed a grenade on Pulwama police station injuring two personnel. In the Anantnag district two policeman were wounded and four weapons looted after suspected militants attacked the guard post of a retired judge.
In the resent period, the incidence of stone pelting has increased considerably. It is estimated that more than 3.6 lakhs security personnel including military, paramilitary and police has been employed in Kashmir Valley. Still insurgency is continued in Kashmir valley.
Front Organisations Of Terrorist Group Active In J &K
1) Jaish-e-Mohammad
a) Tehreek-ul-Furquan b) Tehreek-e-Shohda
2) Harkat-ul-Ansar
a) Al Faran b) Harkat-ul-Mujahideen C) Harkat-ul-Jehad-e-Islami
3) Al-Umer-Mujahideen
a) Al-Fateh b) Karvan-e-Jihad C) Save Kashmir movement
4) Kashmir Resistance Force
a) Al-Fateh b) Muslim Janbaz Force c) Hizbullah d) Al-Jehad
5) Tehreek-ul-Mujahideen
a)Muslim Mujahideen b) Hizb-e- Islami
6) Hizb-ul-Mujahideen
a) H.M.Pir Panjal Range b) Al-Khalid c) Hizb-ul-Mumineem
7) Lashker-e-Toiba
a) Al-Mansooran b) Jamait-ul-Dawah c) Karvan-e-Khalid Bin Walid
8) Dukhtaran-e-Milat
a) Lashkere-e- Jaban
9) Jamait-ul- Mujahideen
a) Tehreek Jehad Islami b) Al-Jabar c) Al-Badr
10) Tehreek Jihad
Third Birgade
Islamic Front
Lashker-Islam
Official Position of India on Kashmir
The official position of India on Kashmir issue is as follow :
A) Kashmir is an integral part of India
1) Accession of Jammu and Kashamir to India is final and legal. Jammu and Kashmir is not a disputed territory.
2) Sheikh Abdullah sought and endorsed the accession of Jammu & Kashmir
3) POK: Pak should relinquish control of Pakistan occupied Kashmir.It is not Azad Kashmir
4) What happens in Kashmir is internal affairs and international community has no business in it.
B) Election are a substitute for plebiscite
The will of the people does not need to be ascertained only through plebiscite.Democratic elections are a recognized means of ascertaining the wishes of the people and the people of the state of J & K have repeatedly participated in such elections. People of Kashmir are largely happy with India.
C) All would be well in Kashmir but for cross border terrorism sponsored by Pakistan.
The problem of Kashmir today is one of terrorism sponsored by Pakistan movement stoked by Pakistan.Peoples are happy with India.What happens in valley is not a freedom struggle but a terrorist movement stoked by Pakistan.Hence if Pakistan were to stop cross border terrorism normally would return to the valley.
Human right violations by the state are negligible.Sufficient judicial mechanisms are in place to investigate such allegation.
D) Conditional dialogues
Any dialogue with Pakistan or Kashmiri will be conditioned on Kashmir being a part of India
Official Pakistani position on Kashmir
A) Kashmir is a disputed territory
1) Accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India is disputed because Maharaja Harisingh acceded to India under duress without consulting the wishes of the people.
2) Kashmir is a case of unfinished partition. The promised plebiscite was never held by India.
B) Kashmir is the jugular vein of Pakistan.
Kashmir is the core political dispute between India and Pakistan and it runs in our blood.
C) Pakistan is only providing moral and diplomatic support for the freedom in Kashmir.
The Mujaheddin who fight for their suffering Muslim brethren in Kashmir may cross the LOC, we can not guarantee an end to all infiltration.
D) Implementation of UN resolution
The solution to the dispute requires a unitary plebiscite for the whole Jammu and Kashmir under international auspices. UN resolution call for the holding of a plebiscite to determine the wishes of the Kashmiri people.
Effect of Kashmir conflict on India
The population of Muslims in India is nearly 172 millions.Pakistan and Kashmiri militants always try to make Kashmir as a Islamic issue. Due to Kashmir issue , communal tension exists between Muslims and majority Hindu community. The Kashmir militants committed terrorist attack in many places in India.It creates internal security threat to many important places in India.
To control the insurgency in Kashmir a large number of security personnel has been deployed in the valley.To improve the socio-economic condition of Kashmir, Government of India employ heavy economic packages. But due to consistent insurgency these all resources get wasted.
Tourism in the Kashmir valley is badly affected by consistent insurgency. Lakhs of Kashmiri Pandits migrated from the valley.There is a huge loss of life and property.Thousands of Indian security personnel employed in Kahmir Valley are killed in terrorist attacks
Despite the recession all over the world, the growth of Indian economy is remarkable. Kashmir issue is creating excessive burden over the Indian economy. As a developing country India's main focus is on reducing poverty and to create employment opportunities. To increase the pace of development there must be huge foreign investment.Foreign investor are not much interested to invest in India due to insurgency in India.Foreign investors are preferring China rather India.Thus Kashmir conflict produce adverse effect on socio-economic development of India.
India and Pakistan already have two wars and another Kargil war.Now India and Pakistan both are nuclear powers.What will happens if there will be another war ? Democracy in Pakistan is not matured and the government policies are mostly influenced by military and hard cored maullavis.
If under their influence nuclear weapons are used, Just imagine what will happen ?
Peace is necessary for the development of any country.Nothing can be gained from war. A huge resources has been wasted due to Kashmir conflict,which used otherwise definitely helps fast economic development. India has to make heavy expenditure on military due to tension on the LOC of Pakistan and China.This can be easily employed elsewhere for development of country.
Effect of Kashmir conflict on Pakistan
Pakistan has a history of uncertainties.In reality democracy is not fully established in Pakistan. Government decisions are mostly influenced by military. Pakistan approach is always anti-Indian. The internal socio-economic condition in Pakistan is very worst. Poverty, unemployment, scarcities of basic facilities are the major issues before Pakistan.To divert peoples attention from this issues, Pakistani rulers need Kashmir issue alive.Instead of sponsoring cross border terrorism they has to focus on socio-economic development.As tension prevailed between two countries over the Kashmir issue,trade between them are very low. Pakistan has been denied from huge Indian market. Pakistan has also deploy heavy investment on military. Pakistan, a home state for terrorist, has itself facing threats from these militant groups.
What to do to resolve the conflict
Kashmir conflict which is continued from 1947 gets more complicated over the years.It is just like a chronic cancer, which can only be cured by treating it at root level.In the past India and Pakistan mostly rely on military to resolve the issue.Over the years Pakistan continued the policy of proving training to militants and sponsoring cross border terrorism. Indian government mostly rely on military and paramilitary force to control the insurgency.A huge economic packages are allotted to Kashmir to improve socio-economic status of Kashmiri people. The state government in Kashmir is not able to control the insurgency due to lack of confidence of local people.There were a bi-lateral talk between two nations, which were frequently interrupted and are not fruitful.
Insurgency in Kashmir increases in the last three years.Indian government initiated many steps to control the situation but could not succeed. Indian Army carried out surgical strike on several destination on LOC to destroy the militant training camps. But what happened ? In fact there is a rise in militant activities in the valley after the surgical strike.It is a failure of government policy.
From the past experience it is clear that military alone are not able to resolve the conflict. Kashmir conflict is a political issue .Now it is a high time to have a political solution.India is a democratic country, Government of India with consultation with all political parties came out with sound policy to resolve the issue.Talk between government and various stakeholders of Kashmir must be started.Confidence building measures must be initiated.India has to strongly raise the issue of Pakistan sponsored terrorism on international forum to build a pressure on Pakistan.
Pakistan on the other hand must be realized that India is a big brother.India a largest democracy in the world.One of the fast growing economy of world.Pakistan must realized that Kashmir is an integral part of India and Kashmir issue is their internal problem.Muslim population in India is nearly same as in Pakistan and Indian Muslims are much better placed, happy in India.Pakistan need not to bother about Kashmiri people rather it must concentrate on their internal problems.
In the resent past terrorist activities has been increased worldwide . All countries must be unite together to fight against terrorism.Pakistan provides shelter to extremist and terrorist.Some countries like United State of America who provide a huge military aids to Pakistan should immediately stop it.
Let us hope that normalcy returned in Kashmir Valley and we can safely visit to "paradise on the earth-Kashmir'
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